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Objective To improve the quality control standard of the hospital preparation Kechuan Liuwei oral liquid in Longhua Hospital.Methods TLC was used for qualitative identification of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Asarum sieboldi Mig in the Kechuan Liuwei oral liquid.Ephedrine and Baicalin content in ephedra and Scutellaria were determined by HPLC with Welch-C18column (4.6mm×250mm, 5μm).Acetonitrile-0.1％phosphoric acid solution (4∶96) and methanol-0.1％phosphoric acid solution (47∶53) were used as mobile phase.The detection wavelengths were 206nm and 278nm respectively.The flow rate was 1.0ml/min.Results The TLC spots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and asarum were clear without interference of the negative control.The linear range of Ephedrine hydrochloride was within 12.04-301.00μg/ml (r=0.999 9).The average recovery was 101.7％ (RSD=1.5％).The linear range of Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was within 7.98-199.40μg/ml (r=0.999 9).The average recovery was 101.6％ (RSD=2.4％).The linear range of Baicalin was within 5.18-129.50μg/ml (r=0.999 9).The average recovery was 101.0％ (RSD=0.3％).Conclusion The qualitative identification and the active ingredient assay method established in this experiment were simple and feasible.Those methods can be used as the quality control standard for Kechuan Liuwei oral liquid.
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Pharmaceutical cocrystals are a promising technology that can be used to improve the solubility of poor aqueous compounds. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the solubility of myricetin (MYR) cocrystals, including their kinetic solubility, thermodynamic solubility, and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR). The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, and coformers on the cocrystal solubility were evaluated. Furthermore, single crystal structures of MYR, myricetin-isonicotinamide (MYR-INM) and myricetin-caffeine (MYR-CAF) cocrystals were analyzed to discuss the possible reasons for the enhancement of cocrystal solubility from the perspective of the spatial structure. The results indicated that the kinetic solubility of MYR cocrystals was modulated by pH and cocrystal coformer (CCF) ionization in buffer solution, while it primarily depended on the CCF solubility in pure water. In addition, the solubility of MYR cocrystals was increased in a concentration dependent fashion by the surfactant or ion concentration. The thermodynamic solubility of MYR-INM (1:3) cocrystals decreased with the increases of the pH value of the dissolution media. The IDR of MYR cocrystals was faster than that of MYR in the same medium and extremely fast in pH 4.5 buffer. The improved solubility of MYR cocrystals was probably related to the alternate arrangements of MYR and INM/CAF molecules and increased intermolecular distance. The present study provides some references to investigate the solubility behavior of pharmaceutical cocrystals.
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility of total marrow and lymphatic irradiation (TMLI)with helical tomotherapy as a conditioning regimen before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Methods Seven children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and aplastic anemia were recruited as study subjects.The median age was 7 years old.The prescribed dose was 12 Gy/6 fractions twice daily.The exposure dose of the target and the organs at risk between helical helical tomotherapy-based TMLI regimen and total body irradiation (TBI) regimen were statistically compared,and acute toxicity grading was performed for all patients.Results Compared with the TBI regimen,the average exposure dose reduction for organs at risk after the TMLI regimen was ranged from 4.2％ to 40.6％.The average exposure dose reduction for the kidney was the largest among all organs.The acute toxicities experienced by all patients were graded and recorded including 2 cases of nausea,5 cases of vomiting,1 case of anorexia,1 case of eryhema,3 cases of diarrhea,and 1 case of oral mucositis.Only grade 1-2 toxicities were observed,and no grade 3-4 toxicities occurred.Conclusions The findings in this study confirm the feasibility of helical helical tomotherapy-based TMLI regimen.Compared with the TBI regimen,the mean duration of treatment for the TMLI regimen with an equivalent dose is not increased.The exposure dose experienced by organs at risk is reduced and the predicted incidence rate is decreased when the TMLI regimen is employed,which provides a myeloablative pretreatment strategy.However,the long-term toxicity of TMLI regime remains to be evaluated by clinical trials.
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Objective To discuss the clinical application of preoperative tumor-feeding artery emboli -zation in treating hypervascular giant meningiomas.Methods A total of 71 patients with giant meningioma (maximum diameter ＞5 cm),who were admitted to authors' hospital during the period from April 2013 to August 2014,were selected for this study.Preoperative MRI demonstrated that the lesions showed obvious enhancement with rich blood supply.The patients were divided into the study group (using preoperative embolization,n =38) and the control group (not using preoperative embolization,n =33).Based on preoperative DSA findings,the lesions were classified into type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ.Tumor-feeding artery embolization with PAV particles (200-300 μm) was employed in the patients of the study group,while only cerebral angiography was adopted in the patients of the control group.The amount of intraoperative blood loss,tumor resection time and embolization complications in both groups were recorded.Postoperative MRI scan was performed to observe the degree of tumor resection.Results The amount of intraoperative blood loss and the tumor resection time in the study group were (562±178) ml and (5.45±2.13) h respectively,which in the control group were (833±234) ml and (7.23±2.45) h respectively;the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (both P＜0.05).The tumor resection degree of Simpson classification Ⅲ and ＜ Ⅲ was obtained in 27 patients of the study group (27/38,71.0％) and in 19 patients of the control group (19/33,57.6％),the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P＜0.05).After embolization,cerebral edema became aggravated in 7 patients,ischemic necrosis of the scalp was observed in 2 patients,and one patient developed epileptic seizure during the operation.After symptomatic treatment,all the above complications were relieved.Conclusion For the treatment of hypervascular giant meningiomas,preoperative tumor-feeding artery embolization can strikingly reduce the amount of intraoperative blood loss,shorten the operation time,and improve the tumor resection degree,therefore,this therapy is worthy of clinical promotion and application.
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OBJECTIVE:To improve community pharmaceutical care so as to promote the rational drug use of community resi-dent and improve the quality of life. METHODS:By analyzing the situation of community pharmaceutical care,the pharmaceutical care of community pharmacists was improved by changing pharmaceutical care mode,actively developing the propaganda of ratio-nal drug use,strengthening retraining of clinical pharmacists. RESULTS:With the help of Hongkou district quality control group, many hospitals of the district signed thepharmaceutical linkage assistance agreement. Through the efforts of Hongkou district quality control group and many hospitals,community pharmaceutical care was improved and the propaganda of rational drug use has achieved certain results. CONCLUSIONS:Through exploration and practice,the pharmaceutical care levels of community phar-macists have been improved and the rational drug use of community residents has been promoted.
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Background The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) involves a variety of biological pathways.Recently,inflammation factor has been thought to paly an important role in the pathogenesis of DR.Studies show that the concent of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is increased in high-glucose environment,which leads to the abnormality of tight junction protein and follows by blood-retinal barrier (BRB) damage.Polysaccharides of dendrobium candidum (PDC) can inhibit the overexpression of TNF-α,but its effect on TNF-α in early DR procedure has been unelucidated.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of PDC on permeability of BRB and its mechanism in daibetic rats.Methods Fifty clear adult SD rats were divided into normal control group,diabetic model group and low-(100 mg/[kg · d]),moderate-(200 mg/[kg · d]) and high-dose (300 mg/[kg · d]) PDC groups,10 rats for each group.Streptozotocin was intraperitoneally injected to establish diabetic model in 40 rats,expect for normal control group.PDC at the concentrations of 100,200 and 300 mg/(kg · d) was intragastrically administered in the low-,moderate-and high-dose groups respectively at 6 weeks after modeling,and normal saline solution was used at the same way in the normal control group and diabetic model group.Evans blue was perfused via cardic chamber and eyes were obtained.Evants blue leakage was measured to evaluate the BRB permeability.The relative expressions of TNF-α,zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1),occludin and claudin-5 proteins were detected by Western blot;TNF-α contents in the retina and serum of the rats were detected by ELISA.Results The leakage concents of Evans blue in the retinas were (12.68±1.30),(30.45±2.60),(22.12±1.15),(17.99±1.00) and (21.49±1.00) in the normal control group,diabetic model goup and low-,moderate-and high-dose PDC groups,respectively,and the retinal leakage concents in the diabetic model group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group,and the retinal leakage contents in the low-,moderate-and high-dose PDC groups were lower than those in the diabetic model group (all at P ＜ 0.01).Western blot showed that the relative expression level of retinal TNF-α was significantly higher in the diabetic model group compared with the normal control group(1.12±0.10 vs.0.27±0.03),and that in the diabetic model group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group;while the relative expression levels of retinal TNF-α in different doses PDC groups were significantly lower,and the relative expression levels of retinal ZO-1,occludin and claudin-5 were significantly higher than those in the diabetic model group (all at P＜0.05).ELISA showed that the concentrations of retinal and serum TNF-α were higher in the diabetic model group compared with the normal control group,and those in the different doses of PDC groups were lower than those in the diabetic model group (all at P＜0.05).No significant differences were found among various doses of PDC groups (all at P＞0.05).Conclusions PDC can improve the permeability of BRB by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α and up-regulating the expressions of tight junction proteins in the retina of diabetic rats,which is probably related to suppressing the development of early DR.
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Background and purpose:Since the number and tumor size of localized liver metastases can be controlled, local minimally invasive treatment can improve the survival of patients. Hence, microwave ablation has become an important treatment method for liver metastases. This study was to investigate the value of percutaneous microwave ablation in the treatment of tumor metastases. Methods: From Sep. 2011 to Oct. 2014, 26 advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with post-chemotherapy consolidation, liver metastases were collected. All the patients with the number of tumor lesions less than 3, diameter less than 5 cm, no other distant metastases was excluded. The ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation was used for 26 patients. Finally, 43 ablations were completed followed by liver function test, enhanced CT and MRI diagnosis 1 month later. mRECIST criteria was used to evaluate the effcacy of cancer treatment. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Results:Twenty-six cases of a total of 53 lesions, including complete ablation (CA) 20 patients (20/26, 77.0%), partial ablation (PA) 3 patients (3/26,11.5%). The overall effciency was 88.5%(CA+PA) with no serious complications. 6 months, 1-, 2-year survival rates of 26 patients were 96.1%, 65.3%and 23.0%. PFS was 11.4 months. The median survival time (MST) was 11.9 months, while OS was 23.7 months. Conclusion:Percutaneous microwave ablation for limited liver metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment method.
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Objective To discuss the clinical application of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatic drainage (PTCD) combined with CT-guided microwave ablation in treating hepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods The clinical data of 29 patients with inoperable Ⅲ and Ⅳ type hilar cholangiocarcinoma complicated by obstructive jaundice, who were admitted to authors’ hospital during the period from December 2012 to August 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis of bile duct adenocarcinoma was confirmed by pathology in all patients. Of the 29 patients, both internal and external biliary tract drainage was employed in 19, external biliary tract drainage in 4, and bilateral (both left and right side) bile duct drainage in 6. CT-guided microwave ablation was carried out when the liver function became improved. A total of 46 procedures of microwave ablation were completed in the 29 patients with a mean of 1.5 times per patient. Hepatic function tests, enhanced CT or MR scan were performed 4-8 weeks after treatment. According to mRECIST criteria the therapeutic results were evaluated; the serum bilirubin levels were recorded; the disease progress and the patient’s survival time were followed up. Results One month after the treatment, complete response (CR) was obtained in 15 patients (15/29, 51.7%), and partial remission (PR) in 17 patients (17/29, 58.6%), with the overall efficacy (CR﹢PR) being 82%. After the treatment, one patient developed hepatic metastasis and another one had pulmonary metastasis. Postoperative serum bilirubin levels showed an obvious decrease in all 29 patients. The 6-month, one-year and two-year survival rates were 68.9% (20/29), 31.0% (9/29) and 6.8% (2/29) respectively; the median survival time was 8.9 months and the overall survival time was 11.7 months. Conclusion For the treatment of hepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma, PTCD combined with CT-guided microwave ablation is minimally invasive, clinically safe and effective.
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Objective To compare the dosimetric effects of systematic MLC leaf position errors on flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter-free (FFF) IMRT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods In totaly of ten patients with NPC were enrolled in the current study.FF IMRT and FFF IMRT plans were designed for each patient, and in-house software was developed to modify the corresponding MLC files.Briefly, three kinds of systematic MLC error presented with 0.5 and 1 mm magnitudes error were simulated.The modified MLC files were re-imported into IMRT plans for dose recalculation, and differences in the dosimetry trends between FF-IMRT and FFF-IMRT plans were analyzed using a dosevolume histogram.Results Upon closed MLC, the average changes in D95％ of PTV and D of parotid glands in FFF-IMRT plans were more sensitive than in FF-IMRT plans (t =3.298-4.793, P ＜ 0.05).Otherwise, when MLC are shifted in the same direction, changes in D95％of PTV, D of PGTV, PTV as well as D of left parotid gland in FFF-IMRT plans were also more sensitive (t =2.372-6.844, P ＜ 0.05), whereas average changes in D of right parotid gland presented with less sensitivity (t =-4.049,-3.378, P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions For out-of-field or large organs, FFF-IMRT plans are more sensitive to leaf position error than FF-IMRT plans.
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Objective To compare the dosimetric difference of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for the loco-regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients using 6 MV X-ray flattening filter-free (FFF) and flattening filter (FF) modes.Methods Ten previously treated patients with loco-regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were retrospectively included and replanned using FFF and FF VMAT,respectively.Meeting all clinical criteria,the dose-volume histograms (DVH),dose distribution of target volume and organs at risk (OARs),target conformity index (CI),total monitor unites (MUs) and treatment time were compared across the plans.Results VMAT plans suing either FFF and FF modes can meet the clinical objectives.The maximum and mean target dose of FFF VMAT plans were significantly higher than that of FF VMAT plans (t =-0.31,-O.35,P ＜ O.05).Yet the planning target volume (PTV) CI of FF mode was slightly better than of FFF mode (t =5.42,P ＜0.05).The maximum doses of lenses in FFF VMAT plans were lower than that of FF VMAT plans (t =25.87,17.45,P ＜ 0.05),and other OARs displayed no significant difference.The mean total MUs of FFF and FF VMAT plans were (699 ± 16) and (628 ± 12) MUs respectively.The mean treatment time of two modes were consistent (about 2 min).Conclusions The plan qualities of FFF and FF VMAT plans were comparable and both clinically acceptable.The OARs at the edge of radiation field,such as lens,could be spared better using FFF VMAT mode.The total MUs of FFF VMAT plans were higher than FF VMAT plans,yet were delivered within the same time.
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BACKGROUND:The rate of tuberculosis infection was high in patients after renal transplantation. Clinical manifestation is not typical, which brings inconvenience to diagnose. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the diagnosis and therapeutic methods of tuberculosis infection after al ograft renal transplantation. METHODS:Relevant diagnosis and therapeutic method of 13 patients with tuberculosis infection after renal transplantation were retrospectively analyzed in the Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University from January 2010 to October 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The onset time was 4-120 months after operation;62%(8/13) patients within 18 months after transplantation. Patients affected long-period fever, mainly low-grade fever. Four cases were identified according to the history, imaging data in combination with positive pathogenic diagnosis. Five cases were identified according to the history, imaging data combined with lung biopsy histopathology. The remaining four cases were identified according to the history, imaging data with experimental effective anti tuberculosis treatment. Early pulmonary symptom was not obvious. Chest CT was helpful in early diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Al patients fol owed early, law, ful , right amount, combined with principles of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and treatment usual y lasted for 6-10 months. They were given combined anti-tuberculosis infection drugs, adjustment of immunosuppressive agents and five-ester capsule for liver protection therapy. Thirteen patients were alive, no deaths. Two cases with early infection without timely treatment suffered from acute rejection, leading to loss of graft function and returned to hemodialysis. The others were cured and left hospital. Renal function was normal after 6-month fol ow-up (serum creatinine). Results indicated that after renal transplantation, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis should be early detected, early diagnosed and early treated. CT guided biopsy can be used as an effective and feasible means for diagnosis and identification of smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis after renal transplantation. Adjustment of immune scheme, anti-tuberculosis treatment and five-ester capsule significantly reduced calcineurin inhibitor dose, and lessened their adverse reactions.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to Bcl-2gene on radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells. Methods Bcl-2 gene siRNA ( Bcl-2 siRNA ) was induced into esophageal cancer EC9706 cells by lipofectamine.Bcl-2 protein expression and apoptosis of EC9706 cells were detected by flowcytometer. Clone forming assay was used to determine the inhibitory effects of X-ray radiation combined with Bcl-2 siRNA interference. ResultsWhen Bcl-2 siRNA had been induced into EC9706 cells, Bcl-2 protein expression in EC9706 cells was inhibited, and cell apoptosis was increased. Bcl-2 protein expression rates of EC9706 cells induced with Bcl-2 siRNA1, A2, A3 (25.13％ ±2. 04％ ,38.87％ ± 3.34％ , 30.55％ ± 2. 73％ ) were lower than the control group ( 84.28％ ± 1. 47％ )(t =4. 01,3.04,3.64, P ＜ 0. 05 ). After interference, the apoptosis rate of EC9706 cells ( 33.86％ ±1.04％ ) was higher than the control group and siRNA negative group (5.51％ ±0. 14％ and 5.59％ ±0. 46％ ) (t =6. 55,6. 54,P ＜0. 01 ). Bcl-2 gene siRNA interference enhanced X-ray inducing apoptosis of EC9706 cells (56.76％ ± 1.24％ ), which was higher than the radiation alone group ( 24.51％ ± 0. 48％ )(t =3.59,P ＜ 0. 05 ). The D0, Dq, and SF2 of combined treatment group were much lower than those of irradiation alone group . The sensitization enhancing ratio was 1.32 ( ratio of D0 values ) . Conclusions Bcl-2 gene siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer EC9706 cells and may has a good future in clinical practice.
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Objective To investigate the positioning errors of head and neck during intensity-modulated radiation therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods Nineteen patients with middle-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (T2-4N1-3M0), treated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy, underwent repeated CT during their 6-week treatment course.All the patients were immobilized by head-neck-shoulder thermoplastic mask.We evaluated their anatomic landmark coordinated in a total of 66 repeated CT data sets and respective x, y, z shifts relative to their position in the planning CT.ResultsThe positioning error of the neck was 2.44 mm±2.24 mm,2.05 mm±1.42 mm,1.83 mm±1.53 mm in x, y, z respectively.And that of the head was 1.05 mm±0.87 mm,1.23 mm±1.05 mm,1.17 mm±1.55 mm respectively.The positioning error between neck and head have respectively statistical difference (t=-6.58,-5.28,-3.42,P=0.000,0.000,0.001).The system error of the neck was 2.33,1.67 and 1.56 higher than that of the head, respectively in left-right, vertical and head-foot directions;and the random error of neck was 2.57,1.34 and 0.99 higher than that of head respectively.Conclusions In the process of the intensity-modulated radiation therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with the immobilization by head-neck-shoulder thermoplastic mask, the positioning error of neck is higher than that of head.
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Scientific research process evaluation is important for scientific research management in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) universities. We suggested the classification and refinement of the assessment form and the modifications of the evaluation index system, which could help improve the research process evaluation index for the TCM universities. Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the improved system. This provides reference for TCM universities to carry out the research process evaluation.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop self-microemulsifying preparations of total flavones of Hippophae Rhamnoides L. (TFH) and the determination method of dissolution.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The equilibrium solubility of TFH in different compositions of oils, emulsifier and assistant emulsifier was investigated. The self-microemulsion formula was optimized by constructing the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of blank SMEDDS determining the self-microemulsifying efficiency and the stability of the SMEDDS. The 2 hours dissolution curve of TFH self-microemulsifying preparations was established. The optimal self-microemulsion formula was composed of MIGLYOL 812 N, Cremophor EL and 1,2-Propylene glycol.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The ratio of them was 0.5:5.7:3.8. The average particle size was 12.1 nm. The dissolution rate at 10 minutes of TFH self-microemulsifying preparation was 131% higher than that of Xinda kang tablets.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The acquired microemulsion with small particle size is stable. The dissolution rate is evidently improved compared with market dosage forms.</p>
Subject(s)
Calibration , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Compounding , Methods , Drug Stability , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Emulsions , Flavones , Chemistry , Hippophae , Chemistry , Particle Size , Solubility , Solvents , Chemistry , TabletsABSTRACT
The evaluation of scientific research institutions in the univemity of TcM is beneficial to assess the construction and development of them in the university of TCM accurately and alSO to reform further the management system of the institutions in the university of TCM.The evaluation of scientific research institutions in the university of TCM was preliminarily studied in four aspects:1.Establishing a correct assessment guidance 2.Adhering to the principle of classification assessment 3.Analysing the evaluation indicators 4.Statisticsing evaluation results.
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From 1975 to 1976,in Linxian county of Henan province,52 patients with early stage easophageal carcinoma were treated by radiotherapy alone. After 10-year follow-up, the 5-and 10-year surving rates were 73.1%(38/52) and 50.0%(56/52), respectively. Local recurrence was considered as the major cause of death and distance metastasis as the minor. We believe that it is very important to do the "three early "(find early, diagnose early and treat early ) and D T5000～5500cGy/5～5.5wks may be the best dose for radiotherapy alone for early easophageal carcinoma.